[Breakout](https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2015/10/09/how-steve-wozniak-s-breakout-defined-apple-s-future.aspx) is a classic arcade game that has a paddle (or bat), which you move along a horizontal axis at the bottom of the screen. At the top of the screen are rows of bricks. A ball bounces around the screen, rebounding off the bat and off the bricks, which are "knocked out" when directly hit. The goal is to knock out all of the bricks with the ball. If you don't get to the ball in time, and it escapes the bottom of the screen, you lose a life. You typically have 3 lives before Game Over.
Amazingly, we have all the components we need to build our version of [Steve Wozniak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak)'s classic.
If you're also running in 1080p, then you'll note that our 8x8 font is rather small on the screen. Let's tweak `drawChar` to take a `zoom` parameter so our game players don't need to have their noses against the TV!
```c
void drawChar(unsigned char ch, int x, int y, unsigned char attr, int zoom)
We're just changing our loops to increase the column height and row width by our scale factor `zoom`. With `zoom` set to 2, for example, our 8x8 bitmap will actually be rendered as a 16x16 bitmap. To understand the logic required within the loop, it helps me to visualise the desired output:
It's clear that we want to repeat each bit `zoom` times to fill the wider row (horizontal zoom). And we then want to repeat the entire line `zoom` times to fill the taller column (vertical zoom).
To achieve the former, we simply advance our bitmask one in every `zoom` times instead of every time. We make use of integer rounding thus:
So, that sorts out our horizontal zoom. To achieve the vertical zoom, it's a similar solution. Instead of advancing our glyph pointer by the number of bytes per line on each iteration, we do it one in every `zoom` iterations by making use of the **modulo** operator (I think of this as "remainder after division"). If `i` divided by `zoom` has no remainder then we advance our glyph pointer, otherwise we leave it where it is!
If you want, you can now make these changes to _fb.c_ in your part5-framebuffer code and exercise them properly in _kernel.c_ to check that they work. Don't forget to update the function definition in _fb.h_ to include the `zoom` parameter too.
It is also now trivial to modify `drawString` to take a `zoom` parameter and pass it through, so I won't document the changes here.
As we can now draw text (e.g. a score/lives counter), rectangles (paddle & bricks) and circles (ball), we can recreate the Breakout game screen. Check out `initBall()`, `initPaddle()`, `initBricks()` and `drawScoreboard(score, lives)` in our new _kernel.c_.
In addition to the graphics code, you'll see that we're keeping a record of each game object we create in the global `objects` array:
* its (x, y) coordinates
* its width & height
* what type of object it is (ball, paddle or brick)
* whether it's "alive"
We also store a global pointer to the ball and paddle object, so they're easy to track down!
As we'll need to knock out our bricks during gameplay, we create `removeObject(object)`, which simply draws a filled black rectangle over the object we pass, and sets its `alive` parameter to 0 to signal that it's now out of play.
To know that our ball is about to hit a brick (or indeed the paddle), we'll need to detect **collisions**. We simply conduct a search of the alive objects and return the first object we find whose coordinates overlap. If no object is found, we return 0. `detectCollision(object, xoff, yoff)` implements this. Note that `xoff` and `yoff` can be negative since the ball could be travelling in any direction.
Keyboard input
--------------
We'll be using the UART to take input, just like we did in part4-miniuart.
`getUart()` simply checks if a key has been pressed and, if so, it returns the character, otherwise 0. We don't want this function to wait for a key, because gameplay needs to continue regardless.
